6 Type Bacteria Most Deadly in 2016

Bacteria are a group of organisms that are so small and live around us. Bacteria of various kinds, and have different effects as well. There is a nasty bacteria, and some are beneficial to health.

Special discuss the harmful bacteria, it is important for you to know what type of bacteria that is dangerous and most deadly to living things, especially humans.

In 2015, many found the type of deadly bacteria. Proven harmful bacteria that can spread quickly and infect millions of people worldwide. Here are 6 types of bacteria most deadly in 2015:

1. Listeria

Listeriosis is a type of serious illness caused by food consumed contaminated by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The findings were published by a central point of control and disease prevention. Disease listeriosis are generally susceptible to infect pregnant women and the elderly to the elderly. However, it is possible to attack other groups. When infected with listeriosis, then the patient will experience fever, muscle pain, and disorders of the digestive tract. To prevent the spread of this deadly listeria bacteria, a number of food companies already require to inspect food products to be free of bacteria listeri, before it reaches the consumer.

2. E.coli

Escherichia coli, or known as E. coli is a type of bacteria. E. coli bacteria live in one of the important organs in the human body, namely the intestines. In a healthy gut, not necessarily free of E. coli bacteria. Although E. coli bacteria do not always have a negative impact, and has benefits both for the body. However, E. coli bacteria often cause disease to humans. Disease is often generated among which diarrhea. Why diarrhea? Because E. coli bacteria is easily spread from one individual to another individual through dirty food, and contaminated by pollution. Noted E.coli bacteria is one of the most deadly in 2015.

3. Staphylococcus

The following types of bacteria that can cause infection called staphylococci, or commonly known as staph infections. Why this deadly bacteria? Because patients infected by these bacteria will become resistant to antibiotic drugs. In fact, antibiotics are very important in maintaining and improving the health of the body. By resistant to antibiotics, so many people are forced to fight the illness. Finally, the various risks facing, such as the loss of an organ (amputation), the failure of the organs (such as kidney failure), and death.

4. Treponema Pallidum

The next type of bacteria Treponema pallidum. This bacterium causes a disease called syphilis. These bacteria cause complications in the long term, and have not found any cure. One type of disease caused by this bacterium is HIV infection. These bacteria carrying infected thousands of people every year.

5. Streptococcus

Continues into a fifth type of bacteria, there is streptococcus. This type of bacteria causing the patient suffering from pneumonia and meningitis. Later, surely you've heard about the types of meningitis disease suffered by a famous artist in Indonesia.

This bacterium is said to be lethal, because it can be transmitted with a very simple manner, namely through breathing. Patients infected with streptococcus bacteria are particularly vulnerable to disease. To anticipate, then immediately signed or go to the doctor, when there is pain coming. Do not compromise the slightest pain suffered by patients with meningitis.

6. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

The most deadly type of bacteria that the latter is mycobacterium. The bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis, may cause a person suffering from tuberculosis. With ease, these bacteria can infect all types of people and all ages. Evidence that the bacteria do not see age, evidenced by one of the world health organization (WHO), which noted that about 5.9 million children under five died of tuberculosis. Therefore, preventing the transmission of tuberculosis by selecting the appropriate medical treatment.

5 Most Dangerous Chemical Substances in the World

Many types of chemicals are frequently encountered in everyday life. And almost all the needs that we use is never separated from chemicals, from food, clothing, vehicles, to pharmaceuticals is often used when the pain was never out of chemicals.

But from its many existing chemicals classified as apparently there are some very dangerous for humans. Hence the use of chemicals is very limited and not just anyone can get it. It is therefore wrong in terms of its use could be fatal for safety. Well here are five well-known chemical that the most dangerous in the world:

Fluoroantimonic acid (H2FsbF6)

Have you ever accidentally exposed to battery acid? Of course it was very painful and burn, because the battery water including sulfuric acid compounds are hazardous. However, battery water no nothing compared Fluoroantimonic acid.

Equally types of acid compounds, acid Fluoroantimonic about 10 million billion times stronger than battery acid! This compound is highly corrosive and melt the human body with bones in a heartbeat.

In short, there was virtually no place that can be used to store Fluoroantimonic acid except Teflon. Yes, teflon containing the C-F (Carbon-fluorine) that is known as the world's strongest chemical bond.

Thioacetone (C3H6S)

Thioacetone is the smell of chemicals in the world. This substance is formed of 'Thiol', a combination of the organic compound of carbon and hydrogen sulfur. In the wild, found in liquid Thiol the odor of skunk.

One drop Thioacetone can spread a pungent odor as far as half a kilometer! In 1989, Thioacetone causing residents of the German city of Freiburg, were evacuated. Mass evacuation came after a perfume factory accidentally perform chemical reactions that produce Thioacetone.

Azidoazide azide (C2N14)

According to the scientist, C2N14 is the most explosive chemicals ever created by man. The secret of this substance to explode is easy nitrogen atom in C2N14 can move quite freely. This led to the nitrogen atom continue to try to unite with each other and generate huge energy blast alias.

C2N14 itself is made by German scientists assisted by the American military in 2010. Unfortunately, the discovery of these substances immediately called an error due to sensitivity to outside scientists estimate.

C2N14 could explode just by moving, touching, shine, even put it in a container without left unharmed can make it explode! In fact, scientists are trying to put the C2N14 in the dark to avoid an explosion. However, the effort is useless because it does not prevent C2N14 turned into a bomb.

Dimethylcadmium (Ch3CdCh3)

If Azidoazide azide is referred to as the most explosive substance, then Dimethylcadmium is the most toxic chemicals in the world. It is manufactured by German scientist named Erich Krause in 1917.

The substance is highly toxic to the point that some micro (one-thousandth) grams per cubic meter can kill an adult human. Dimethylcadmium inhaling can cause organ failure, start your lungs kidneys. If it does not immediately end her life, these substances will still cause acute cancer.

Furthermore, scientists are also very afraid of spilling Dimethylcadmium. Therefore, there was virtually no safe way to clean up a spill of this substance. Cleaning Dimethylcadmium with water will only trigger an explosion, wipe, or all the things that cause friction on these substances will end up in the explosion.

Chlorine Triflouride (CIF3)

These chemicals he is perhaps the most feared by all living beings on this earth, CIF3 or 'N-Stoff'. Why fear? The reason is simple, these chemicals would explode if exposed to air, like methane. Not only that, the aroma of CIF3 can also kill humans if accidentally inhaled.

Unfortunately, CIF3 can make objects that we know are not flammable, such as brick, for example, can be lit up like a paper flame broiling. The use CIF3 along with fire sprinklers can generate heat up to 2400 degrees Celsius, hot enough to melt iron.

Scientists were not so wear it as a weapon in World War 2 due to fear of these chemicals would make their soldiers to die stupid. But the lesson was not heeded by the American scientist who in the 1950s tried to move CIF3 using a tanker truck. The result? On the way CIF3 managed to leak and spill, burn its way underneath to a depth of one meter more.

Mushrooms Producing Penicillin Antibiotics

Antibiotics are substances produced by a microbe to inhibit or eradicate microbes other types. One of microorganisms that can produce antibiotic agents are fungi, particularly fungi of the division Ascomycotina namely Penicillium notatum. Antibiotics produced by this fungus is penicillin. Antibiotics in the penicillin fungus Penicillium notatum was first exchanged by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Fleming showed that on an agar inoculated with Staphylococcus Aures had been contaminated by a fungus and fungal colonies are surrounded by a clear zone.

Penicillin structure

Penicillin is a group of β-lactam antibiotics have the formula R-C9H11N2O4S, with R is a side chain that is diverse. The R group is a free amino acid group that can bind various radicals.

Mechanism of Penicillin

Penicillin works to:

    Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Sterptococcus

    Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiellapneumoniae

The working mechanism of the Gram Positive

How it works by inhibiting the enzyme transpeptidase, in other words β-lactam binds to the enzyme transpeptidase associated with the peptidoglycan molecules à breakdown cell walls in bacteria, à capture excess water and weaken the wall when cells divide à cause cell lysis

The working mechanism of the Gram Negative

The mechanism is different from the mechanisms of action on gram-positive bacteria. The thing that distinguishes ie the gram-positive bacteria, after losing the cell wall would be a protoplast, whereas in gram-negative bacteria will be sferoplas. Sferoplas protoplasts and this is what will lysis (rupture).

Penicillin Resistance

The mechanism of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics penicillin contained in the establishment Betalaktamase enzymes (enzymes that can hydrolyze β-lactam ring).

Lacks the specific receptors or lack of permeability of the outer layer, so that the drug does not reach the receptors.

Side Effects of Penicillin

Allergic reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions such as rash and itching.

Nausea, diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations

Isolation of the fungus Penicillium notatum

Fungus Penicillium notatum can be isolated from the ground using spread plate method. The principle is to dilute the soil samples.

Colonies producing antibiotic activity is shown in the area around the colony so that the free growth of other colonies. Having proven that the colony is producing antibiotics à purified and sub-cultured to make a stock culture that is needed in the next test.

Conclusion

• The benefits of Penicillium notatum is for the manufacture of antibiotics.

• The working mechanism of penicillin antibiotics are inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and prevent peptidoglycan synthesis.

• The cause of resistance to penicillin because in certain bacteria can produce enzymes Betalaktamase.

• The method used in mengisolasoi fungus Penicillium notatum is spread plate method.

ATOM THEORY OF QUANTUM MECHANICS

Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that replaces the basic classical mechanics at the atomic and subatomic level. This science provides a mathematical framework for the various branches of physics and chemistry, including atomic physics, molecular physics, computational chemistry, quantum chemistry, particle physics, and nuclear physics. Quantum mechanics is part of quantum field theory and quantum physics in general, which, together with general relativity, is one of the pillars of modern physics. The basis of quantum mechanics is that the energy is not continuous, but discrete - in the form of a 'package' or 'quanta'. The concept is quite revolutionary, as opposed to classical physics assumes that the sustainable energy.

History

In 1900, Max Planck introduced the idea that energy can be divided into several packets, or quanta. This idea is specifically used to describe the intensity distribution of the radiation emitted by the black body. In 1905, Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by concluding that light energy comes in the form of quanta called photons. In 1913, Niels Bohr explained the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom, again by using quantization. In 1924, Louis de Broglie gives his theory of matter waves.

The theories above, though successful, but very fenomenologikal: there is no clear explanation for the quantization. They are known as the old quantum theory.

The phrase "quantum physics" was first used by Johnston in his Planck's Universe in Light of Modern Physics (Natural Planck in light of Modern Physics).

Modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when Werner Karl Heisenberg developed the matrix mechanics and Erwin Schrödinger discovered wave mechanics and the Schrödinger equation. Schrödinger several times showed that both approaches together.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, and the Copenhagen interpretation formed in almost the same time. In 1927, Paul Dirac combines quantum mechanics with special relativity. He also pioneered the use of operator theory, including notation influential bra-ket. In 1932, Neumann Janos formulate a strong mathematical basis for quantum mechanics as operator theory.

Field of quantum chemistry was opened by Walter Heitler and Fritz London, who publish research covalent bond of the hydrogen molecule in 1927. Quantum chemistry developed by several workers in large numbers, including the American chemist Linus Pauling.

Starting in 1927, the trial began to use quantum mechanics to fields outside of unit particles, which results in quantum field theory. Early workers in this area included Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, Victor Weisskopf and Jordan Pascaul. This area of ​​research fields developed in the formulation of quantum electrodynamics by Richard Feynman, Freeman Dyson, Julian Schwinger and Tomonaga Shin'Ichiro in the 1940s. Quantum electrodynamics is a quantum theory of electrons, positrons, and the electromagnetic field, and serve as an example for the next quantum theory.

Many worlds interpretation was formulated by Hugh Everett in 1966.

The theory of quantum chromodynamics was formulated in the early 1960s. The theory that we know it today was formulated by Polizter, Gross and Wilzcek in 1975. The initial development by Schwinger, Peter Higgs, Goldstone and others. Sheldon Lee Glashow, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam independently showed how the weak nuclear force and quantum electrodynamics could be combined into a single electro-weak force.

Experiments Invention

• Royan double-slit experiment proving the wave nature of light. (Around 2012)

• Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity (1896)

• Joseph John Thomson - kathoda ray tube experiments (discovers the electron and its negative charge) (1897)

• The study of black body radiation between 1850 and 1900, which can not be explained without quantum concepts.

• Robert Millikan - experiment oil droplets, proving that electric charge occurs in quanta (whole units), (1909)

• Ernest Rutherford - experiment gold leaf plum pudding model of the atom thwart suggesting that the positive charge and atomic mass is spread evenly. (1911)

• Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach conduct the Stern - Gerlach experiment, which shows the quantization properties of the particle spin (1920)

• Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines convincing presence of neutrinos in the neutrino experiment (1955)
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Evidence of Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is very useful for explaining the behavior of atoms and subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons that do not obey the laws of classical physics. Atom is usually described as a system in which the electrons (electrically charged negatively) circulate around the atomic nucleus (positively charged). According to quantum mechanics, when an electron moves from the level of higher energy (eg, from n = 2 or shells to-2) to a level lower energy (eg, n = 1 or skin atomic level-1), the energy in the form of a particles of light called photons, are released. The energy released can be formulated as follows:

    E = hf

information:

    E = the energy (J)

    h = is the Planck constant,  (Js), and

    f = is the frequency of light (Hz)

In a mass spectrometer, it has been proven that the spectral lines of atoms in ionization is not continuous, only the frequencies / wavelengths of certain spectral lines can be seen. This is one proof of the theory of quantum mechanics.