Mushrooms Producing Penicillin Antibiotics

Antibiotics are substances produced by a microbe to inhibit or eradicate microbes other types. One of microorganisms that can produce antibiotic agents are fungi, particularly fungi of the division Ascomycotina namely Penicillium notatum. Antibiotics produced by this fungus is penicillin. Antibiotics in the penicillin fungus Penicillium notatum was first exchanged by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Fleming showed that on an agar inoculated with Staphylococcus Aures had been contaminated by a fungus and fungal colonies are surrounded by a clear zone.

Penicillin structure

Penicillin is a group of β-lactam antibiotics have the formula R-C9H11N2O4S, with R is a side chain that is diverse. The R group is a free amino acid group that can bind various radicals.

Mechanism of Penicillin

Penicillin works to:

    Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Sterptococcus

    Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiellapneumoniae

The working mechanism of the Gram Positive

How it works by inhibiting the enzyme transpeptidase, in other words β-lactam binds to the enzyme transpeptidase associated with the peptidoglycan molecules à breakdown cell walls in bacteria, à capture excess water and weaken the wall when cells divide à cause cell lysis

The working mechanism of the Gram Negative

The mechanism is different from the mechanisms of action on gram-positive bacteria. The thing that distinguishes ie the gram-positive bacteria, after losing the cell wall would be a protoplast, whereas in gram-negative bacteria will be sferoplas. Sferoplas protoplasts and this is what will lysis (rupture).

Penicillin Resistance

The mechanism of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics penicillin contained in the establishment Betalaktamase enzymes (enzymes that can hydrolyze β-lactam ring).

Lacks the specific receptors or lack of permeability of the outer layer, so that the drug does not reach the receptors.

Side Effects of Penicillin

Allergic reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions such as rash and itching.

Nausea, diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations

Isolation of the fungus Penicillium notatum

Fungus Penicillium notatum can be isolated from the ground using spread plate method. The principle is to dilute the soil samples.

Colonies producing antibiotic activity is shown in the area around the colony so that the free growth of other colonies. Having proven that the colony is producing antibiotics à purified and sub-cultured to make a stock culture that is needed in the next test.

Conclusion

• The benefits of Penicillium notatum is for the manufacture of antibiotics.

• The working mechanism of penicillin antibiotics are inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and prevent peptidoglycan synthesis.

• The cause of resistance to penicillin because in certain bacteria can produce enzymes Betalaktamase.

• The method used in mengisolasoi fungus Penicillium notatum is spread plate method.