New Findings Particle Physics Experiments

Results prestigious  physics experiment involving a University of Michigan professor seems to confirm the strange discovery 20 years who guide the existence of a new elementary particle that is the fourth aspect of neutrinos.

The new results further explain a violation of fundamental symmetry of the universe which states that particles of antimatter behave in the same way as materials balancer. Similarly, as reported by Physorg.

Neutrinos are neutral elementary particles produced in the radioactive decay of other particles. "Aspects" are known from electron neutrino is a neutral balance and its relatives are heavier muon and tau. Without taking into account aspects of the origin of neutrinos, particles are constantly changing from one type to another in a phenomenon called "neutrino oscillation aspects".

An electron neutrino might become a muon neutrino, and then into an electron neutrino again. Previously, scientists believed the existence of three aspects of the neutrino. In the Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment, dubbed MiniBooNE, researchers detected more oscillations are only possible if there are more than three aspects.

"These results imply that there are new particles or forces we have not yet imagined," said Byron Roe, who is a distinguished retired professor at the Physics Section, and author of a paper on the results newly published in Physical Review Letters.

"The simplest explanation involves adding new particles such as neutrinos, or sterile neutrinos that do not have the normal weak interactions."

All three types of neutrino interact with matter primarily through the weak nuclear force which makes them difficult to detect. Hypothesized that this fourth aspect would not interact through the weak force which makes it even more difficult to find.

The existence of sterile neutrinos could help explain the composition of the universe, said William Louis, who is a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory which was once a doctoral student at UM and is involved in the MiniBooNE experiment.

"Physicists and astronomers were looking for sterile neutrinos because they could explain in part or even the whole dark matter of the universe," said Louis. "Sterile neutrinos could also possibly help explain the matter asymmetry of the universe, or why the universe is basically composed of matter rather than antimatter."

MiniBooNE experiment is a collaboration among some 60 researchers from various institutions, held at Fermilab to check the results of the experiment Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) at Los Alamos National Laboratory which started in 1990. The LSND was the first to detect more neutrino oscillations than predicted by the standard model.

The preliminary results MiniBooNE a few years ago based on data from a neutrino beam (as opposed to an antineutrino beam), did not support the LSND results. Nonetheless, LSND experiments conducted using an antineutrino beam, so it was the next step for MiniBooNE.

The new results are based on the first three years of data from an antineutrino beam, and tells a different story than the previous results. MiniBooNE antineutrino beam data does support the LSND invention, and the fact that the MiniBooNE experiments produced different results for antineutrinos instead of neutrinos, in particular surprising physicists.

"The fact that we see this effect in antineutrinos and not in neutrinos makes it even more strange," Roe said. "This result means necessary even more serious addition to the standard model we than had been thought from the first LSND result."

These results seem to violate "the content parity symmetry" of the universe which states that the laws of physics apply in the same way for particles and antiparticles their equalizer. Violations of this symmetry have been seen in some decomposition rare, but not with neutrinos, Roe said.

While these results are statistically significant and do support the LSND discovery, the researchers physicists reminded that they need results in a longer period or additional experiments before they are allowed to disqualify the standard model predictions.

Mystery of Black Holes in Space

Scientists will reveal mysteries of outer space, the discovery of super massive black hole from the early days of the universe, is expected to alter the physical sciences.

MYSTERY black holes scattered in the sky off the concept is said to match the strange events that occurred in the Bermuda Triangle, where ships or aircraft crossing the territorial waters vanished suddenly.

However, the black hole is like a giant hole, wider than the size of the sun and the sky in the sky suck anything that approached planets. In fact, the strength of the pull is causing light not voting strength was also not able to escape.

The mystery that surrounds the black hole incident was however only able to be studied from a distance because of the ability of science and technology, real human beings are still not able to bring them up to the hole.

Using telescopes and observations of the stars who adapted well to a variety of physical laws that are around the earth, the various theories put forward to fill the vacancy in the room answers coined the natural mystery.

This theory astronomers used is the same theory used vacuum gas - the power of the black hole occurs because of the pull of gravity into the pit was very strong compared with the pull around. Instead, anything that had come to be suctioned.

However, gravitational forces 'exceptional' and very powerful. It said if the force of gravity that form on earth, he would make the size of the planet into a small ball of radius about one centimeter.

Actual black hole theory put forward more than 200 years ago. In 1783, Western scientists, John Mitchell theorize about the possibility of his form after he examined the black hole Isaac Newton's theory of gravity.

He believes if the object thrown straight up will be separated from the influence of the earth's gravity after reaching as far as more than 11 kilometers per second, then of course there are other planets or stars have gravity larger than the earth.

However, the words 'black hole' was first used American physicist John Archibald Wheeler in 1968. Wheeler gave the name because black holes can not be seen, light co drawn into it so that the surrounding area becomes dark.

According to the theory of stellar evolution, the origin of the black hole is a kind of blue star has a surface temperature exceeding 25,000 degrees Celsius. When burning hydrogen in a blue star which takes approximately 10 million years completed, he became a giant blue star.

Then, the star was cold and swapped the red giant. In that phase, due to its own gravitational pull, red giant experienced tremendous explosion called Supernova and produced two types namely Star Neutron stars and black holes.

Observations of X-ray telescope in space for more than a decade, shows the strength of the gravitational pull of the hole caused no stars are destroyed and swallowed by it.

Prior to this, astronomers have seen how black holes suck in gas floating around. Gas is sucked it into heat that emits radiation in a range of wavelengths, from radio waves to waves rather than visible light and X-rays.

Based on the observations, astronomers from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany, ever seen a star approaching giant black hole eventually disappeared into the hole.

Giant black hole is seen that central galaxy RX J1242-11 budgeted a distance of 700 million light years from Earth. Save a black hole that also has the size of the sun of our solar system.

Star was destroyed bit by bit and sucked into the hole for a few days. In the first rank, the star loses gases that are around him.

After that, it became a hot star to millions of degrees Celsius and disappeared into a black hole. In the process, he unleashed a strong force that is equivalent to the power generated by the supernova explosion.

Astronomers confirms the position of the black hole by observing the light around stars or of gas in space. If somewhere it is not seen the light but in the vicinity there are many celestial objects toward one point at a high speed before it is lost, then the point is marked as a black hole.

There are many black holes throughout the universe in fact there is a theory that says in the Milky Way galaxy also include a black hole. Precisely the same issues arise, if the sun and the planets, including the earth surrounding it will be called the black hole?
 Astronomers give an answer, 'no' because the value of other galaxies, black holes in the Milky Way is said to be in a state of quiet because few objects around which sucked.

The mystery that surrounds the black hole will continue to attract the interest of astronomers so that the correct answer was obtained. While humans have not been able to venture far into space, at the same answer it failed to obtain and various theories without any evidence presented will continue to 'solve' the mystery of nature.

Fact: Black Holes

Known as the 'black star' and 'singularity'.

Discovered in 1783 by John Mitchell.

The extent exceeding the size of the sun.

Suck up anything around her, including stars and light.

Straw theory result in a black hole's gravitational pull is stronger than the surrounding area.

The theory states it is due to the eruption of Supernova red giant.

DEFINITIONS VIBRATIONS, WAVES AND SOUND

VIBRATIONS, WAVES AND SOUND

1. Vibration

a. understanding vibration

Vibration is: back and forth motion of objects on a regular basis through the balance point. One of the characteristics of vibration is the amplitude (the largest intersection of a vibration).

b. Period and frequency of vibration

Each of the vibrating body always has a vibrating frequency and period. Is the purpose of the frequency of vibration? And what is the purpose of the period of vibration? How is the relationship between frequency and period of vibration?

The period is the time that is required to do one thing vibrations. Periods expressed in units of second.

The period can be expressed as a mathematical formula as follows.

Vibration period (T) = time shakes / Total vibration (n)

Frequency is the number of vibrations in one second. Unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz) frequency can be expressed in terms of mathematics as follows:
Frequency (f) = Total vibration / vibration time (t)
         The relationship between the frequency and the period is stated as follows:
F = 1 / T
  T = 1 / f
          Description: f = frequency T = period

2. wave

a. understanding wave

Waves are vibrations that propagate. Waves occur because the vibration source. Waves propagate wave energy, while the middlemen do not come creeping.

b. Various wave

• according to the intermediary substance

1. Mechanical wave: the wave propagation requires a medium, eg, water waves and sound waves.

2. The electric wave: the wave that propagates not require medium. Examples of radio waves and light waves

• according to the direction of propagation and the direction of vibration

1. Transverse waves

is the wave of the direction perpendicular to the direction of vibration. Transverse wave-shaped hills and valleys wave waves propagate. Examples of waves on a string, surface water and light waves.

Images of transverse waves:

                                                                

Wavelengths in the transverse waves

Wavelength is the length of a wave consisting of the hills and valleys of the waves. Wavelength symbolized by lambda () and its unit is meter

2. Longitudinal wave

Longitudinal wave is a wave whose direction of vibration parallel to the direction of propagation. Longitudinal wave-shaped density. For example, the sound waves.

Images of longitudinal waves:

The length of the longitudinal wave

The length of the longitudinal wave is a wave length that consists of one density.

• wave period (T)

is the time that is required to take a single wave, its unit is second (s)

• The frequency of the wave ((f)

That is the number of waves that form in one second, the unit is Hz (hertz)

• Propagation of wave (v)

is the distance traveled in one second wave, its unit is meter / second (m / s)

• The relationship between the display waveform, period, frequency, and wave propagation speed.

• The basic formula is the wave: λ = vT or v = λ / T and f = 1 / T then v = λ f

v = wave propagation speed (m / s)

λ = wavelength (m)

T = period (s)

f = frequency (Hz)

According to the amplitude and phase:

1. The wave is a wave whose amplitude and phase equal at every point through which the waves.

2. The silent wave (stationary) is wave amplitude and phase change (not the same) at every point through which the waves.

• According to the intermediary medium:

1.. mechanical wave is the wave propagation in the medium requires intermediaries. Almost all the waves are mechanical waves.

2. Electromagnetic waves are waves in the propagation medium does not require intermediaries. Example: gamma ray (γ), X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, radar waves, TV waves, radio waves.

3. sound

a. understanding sound

sound is the product of the vibrating body. Objects that produce sound called sound sources. Vibrating sound source will vibrate the air molecules around it. Thus, the terms of the sound is the vibrating body. Require sound propagation medium. We can hear the sound if there is a medium to propagate sound

b. Terms of sound

1. There is a vibrating body (the sound source)

2. there is a medium that sends sound, and

3. No recipients are within the range of sound sources

The sound has a finite propagation speed. The sound takes to move from one place to another. Rapid propagation of sound was not too big. Rapid propagation of sound is much smaller than the propagation of light premises. Even now people have been able to make a plane that can fly several times faster than the propagation of sound. Rapid propagation of sound is often formulated as follows:

v = s / t

v = propagation speed of sound (m / s), s = distance of the source to the observer (m), t = time interval (s)

c. nature sounds
1. It is a longitudinal wave
2. Can not propagate in a vacuum
3. The speed of propagation is affected by propagation medium density (solid, liquid, gas). Fastest on medium high density.
4. Can resonance and reflection.
The sound can be experienced resonance. What's that resonance? Understanding the events took vibrating resonance is due to vibration of an object of another object, because the same frequency. The sound can undergo reflection, sound reflection process utilized at:
• Determination of the propagation of sound
• The detection of defects and cracks in the metal pipe
• The geophysical survey
• Measurement of the thickness of the metal plate
• Measuring the depth of the place.

d. kind of noise
1. infrasonic sound: the sound frequency less than 20 Hz, and can be heard by dogs, crickets, geese and horses.
2. The audiosonic sound, namely sound whose frequency is as between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz can be heard by humans.
3. The ultrasonic sound, the sound frequency over 20,000 Hz, can be heard by bats and dolphins.
4. Tones, which sound whose frequency is irregular.
5. Wheezing, namely sound whose frequency is irregular.
6. Echoes or boom, which in part reflected sound that comes together with the original sound, thus disturbing the original sound.
7. Gema is, reflected sound that comes after the original sound, thus reinforcing the original sound.