THE ENZYME CATALASE

A. Enzyme


Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and affect the speed of the reaction but did not participate in the reaction. Enzymes act as biocatalicator. The enzyme has the following properties:• Speed ​​up the chemical reaction• Work in a typical (specific), meaning that each enzyme only works for one compound (substrate) certain• Only work on a specific range of temperature and pH• Damaged temperature is too high or too low• The chemical has not changed by the reaction where the enzyme works• Can work commute
Factors that affect the working of enzymes:a. temperaturesAt the optimum temperature, the enzyme activity is very good. If the temperature is too low the reaction to be slow, and if the temperature is too high enzyme will be damaged.

b. pH
Enzymes work well at optimum pH. The state of acids and bases that are too high to inhibit the activity of enzymes.
c. The concentration of the enzyme and substrateIf too little enzyme and the substrate is too much, the reaction will be slow and there is even a substrate which is not catalyzed. The more the enzyme reaction will be faster.
d. Inhibitor enzymeIf the inhibitor is added to the mixture of enzyme and substrate, the reaction rate will drop.

B. Enzyme Catalase and Hydrogen Peroxide
• The enzyme catalase
The enzyme catalase is one of the types of enzymes that are common in the cells of living creatures, one of which is a plant cell. The enzyme catalase is an enzyme decomposers hydrogen peroxide which is toxic and is a waste or byproduct of metabolism. If H2O2 are not broken down by this enzyme, it will cause death in plant cells. Therefore, this enzyme works to remodel H2O2 into harmless substances, namely in the form of water and oxygen. In addition to work specifically on certain substrates, enzymes also are thermolabile (susceptible to temperature changes) as well as a class of protein compounds. The effect of temperature is obvious, because it can damage the enzyme and make denatured protein like most
• Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 chemical formula invented by Louis Jacques Thenard in 1818. This compound is an inorganic chemicals which have strong oxidizing properties. Raw material for making hydrogen peroxide is hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2). The technology is widely used in the auto industry is the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide Anthraquinone. H2O2 is a colorless, odorless typical bit of acidity, and dissolve well in water. Under normal conditions (ambient conditions), hydrogen peroxide is very stable with decomposition rate of approximately less than 1% per year. The majority of the use of hydrogen peroxide is to utilize and manipulate the decomposition reaction, which essentially produces oxygen. At this stage of the production of hydrogen peroxide, the chemical stabilizer material is usually added for the purpose of inhibiting the rate of decomposition. Including decomposition occurs during hydrogen peroxide product in storage. In addition to producing oxygen, hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction also produces water (H2O) and heat. decomposition exothermic reaction that occurs is as follows: H2O2 H2O + 1 / 2O2 + 23:45 kcal / mol
Factors that affect the hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction is:1.Material certain organic, such as alcohol and gasoline2.Catalis, such as Pd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn3.Temperature, hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction rate increased by 2.2 x each increase of   10°C (the temperature range 20-100°C)
4.surface container uneven (active surface)5.solid were suspended, such as particles of dust or other impurities6.very high pH (more alkaline) the higher the decomposition rate7.Radiation, especially the radiation of light with short wavelengths
C. The liver in general
The liver is the largest organ in us. In adults weighing up to approximately 1.3 kg. Divided into two lobes, the left and right. In addition to large in size, the liver also had a great role. He was involved in the digestion process, plays a role in hundreds of different chemical reactions of the body, and also serves as a storage organ. The main function of the liver is to collect blood from the gastrointestinal tract through the hepatic circulation and enter a variety of chemical substances the body into it before it is released back to the other body parts. The chemical substances produced by millions of liver cells known as hepatocytes. Hepatocytes was submerged in a pool of blood coming from the gastrointestinal tract. That's how the exchange of substances between blood and liver cells. Liver function is not fully understood. Some functions of the organ are:
 
-This Setting blood sugar levels-Metabolism fat-Metabolism protein-Storage vitamin-Storage mineral-Production bile-Detoxification-Recycling hormone

Definition of trinitrotoluene TNT Materials and Function Usefulness

What it is and what it does TNT

Trinitrotoluene (TNT, or Trotyl) are the aromatic hydrocarbons pale yellow sting that melt at a temperature of 354 K (178 ° F, 81 ° C). Trinitrotoluene is explosive used alone or mixed,

for example in Torpex, Tritonal, Composition B or Amatol. TNT is prepared by nitration of toluene C6H5CH3; chemical formula C6H2 (NO2) 3CH3, and IUPAC name 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.

The process of formation of TNT

Making the TNT can be made by nitration of the toluene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. This stage requires a mixture of acid in high concentrations and is free of SO3.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT, or Trotyl) is a crystalline pale yellow aromatic hydrocarbons which melt at a temperature of 354 K (178 ° F, 81 ° C). Trinitrotoluene is explosive used alone or mixed, for example in Torpex, Tritonal, Composition B or Amatol. TNT is prepared by nitration of toluene C6H5CH3; chemical formula C6H2 (NO2) 3CH3, and IUPAC name 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.

Chemical formula:

C7H5N3O6 or C6H2 (NO2) 3CH3

TNT stands for Tri-Nitro-Toluene. Obtained from the addition of the element nitrogen (N) in Toluene compound. N element is bonded to three feet Toluene. That is where he got the name "Tri" meaning three. Nitrogen additions process is called nitration.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

In the industry, TNT is synthesized in three steps. First, toluene nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid to produce mono-nitrotoluene or MNT. MNT is separated and then in the nitration back to form dinitrotoluene or DNT. In the final stage, DNT nitrated form trinitrotoluene or TNT using an anhydrous mixture of nitric acid and oleum. 
Nitric acid consumed for industrial processes, but the dilute sulfuric acid can be reused. After nitration, TNT is stabilized by a process called sulphitation, where crude TNT is treated with a solution of sodium sulfite and to eliminate isomer TNT and unwanted reaction products.

    Rinse water from sulphitation known as red water and is a significant pollutant and is a waste product from the manufacture of TNT.

usefulness TNT

The use of TNT is as explosives or as raw material maker of explosives such as dynamite. But TNT explosives Secondary still classed as fuel rather less power than other types of explosives such as Nitro Glycerin and so forth.

The major use as an explosive.

Special uses, TNT with modifications adapted to the purpose.

Used also as a measure of the strength of other explosives.

Sodium benzoate: Definition, chemical formula, utilities and danger

Discussion sodium benzoate is limited in terms of sodium benzoate, sodium benzoate chemical formula, the use of sodium benzoate and sodium benzoate danger. It seems we are hard to be separated from the chemicals on this one. Therefore, we should know a lot about the ins and outs of sodium benzoate.

Definition of Sodium Benzoate

Sodium benzoate is the sodium salt is used as a food preservative. But actually there is a chemical that occurs naturally in some foods. These chemicals are often found in processed foods or beverages such as soda, fruit juice, vinegar, medicines, cosmetics, dyes or the industry. These chemicals are often added to some foods, such as sauces to extend the shelf life. Sodium benzoate can also be used to stop the fermentation process in drinks, such as wine. By understanding the ins and outs of these chemicals allow you to be able to decide when to use these chemicals and when not to use it. Because in addition to the benefits offered, there are also side effects.

Chemical formula Sodium Benzoate:

Usefulness Sodium Benzoate

Sodium benzoate can be found in a variety of substances, both naturally and as a chemical additive.

1. Food

Many fruits such as berries, plums, apples or cranberries naturally contain sodium benzoate with a relatively low level. However, most people who consumed these chemicals because of the use of preservatives in processed foods. About 75 percent of people can taste bitter, salty, sodium benzoate is added to the diet. Sometimes these chemicals tastes sweet. Foods most often contain chemicals are soft drinks. Although sodium benzoate is not considered toxic and no adverse health effects, but the FDA currently prohibits sodium benzoate to be added to the food. The maximum allowed is 0.1 percent.

2. Other

In addition to acting as a food preservative, these chemicals are also used to extend the shelf life of toothpaste, deodorant, mouthwash, shampoo, lotions, ointments, syrups or pills. These chemicals are used to prevent the growth of bacteria or an inhibitor that can prevent metal corrosion. Metal cans containing cleaners or liquid food to be coated sodium benzoate so that the metal is not subject to corrosion. Machines such as the vehicle's engine is also covered by these chemicals for the same reason.

Dangers of Sodium Benzoate

Health Protection Branch of Canada (Health Protection Branch of Canada) and the administration of food and drugs - drugs (the Food and Drug Administration) states that sodium benzoate is safe to consume in small doses, but not in combination with ascorbic acid, otherwise known as citric acid or vitamin C, as this will produce a carcinogenic substance, namely benzene.

This carcinogenic substances believed to cause the cell death, damage to mitochondria in cells, damage DNA, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or leukemia. The study results also showed that the food coloring material combines with sodium benzoate can cause children to become hyperactive. The effects caused by consuming soda, which its benzene content results in higher than other food or beverages.

Regulation of the Use of Sodium Benzoate in Foods

During the 2005 study, the FDA investigated 200 soft drinks and similar beverages to determine its level of benzene. Most meet FDA requirements and found only 10 drinks with benzene levels higher than recommended.

Because consumers pay attention to the side effects of these chemicals, beverage manufacturers in the United States are no longer using coloring materials in its products. Similar efforts are also applicable to the 'Foods Standards Agency Board' in the UK began in 2009.

Reduce Consumption of Sodium Benzoate

If you are concerned with the health of Sodium Benzoate yourself this, it is advisable to read the labels of food or drink with caution. Note any product containing benzoic acid, benzene or benzoate, and give more attention to the content of citric acid compounds, ascorbic acid and vitamin C. Limiting the intake of processed fruit juice (ie processed fruit juice instead of fruit juice naturally) or soft drinks can also help to reduce this risk, especially for children who may be susceptible to ADHD.

From the above explanation it is stated that sodium benzoate is safe for consumption in low levels unless combined with ascorbic acid or dyes. Because the combination will produce benzene compounds that are carcinogenic.

Most Important Chemical Compounds In Human Life

In this life, we are always surrounded by a chemical compound. Both macromolecules and micromolecules. The whole world is formed by a chemical compound that is merged and mixed. Actually, there is the most important chemical compounds. All chemicals must have had functions and their respective roles in nature. Some chemical compounds do have a role more, while other compounds do not have a prominent role. Actually this is due to limited knowledge of science we wrote, so we can not use these chemical compounds to the fullest.

Unfair actually to rank the most important chemical compounds in human life. Because actually almost all chemical compounds are important and have a role in our lives. But this time I try to give some of the chemical compounds that I think often we meet and have a very important role in life. Important here is a compound in the sense that we use in our daily activities. Chemical compounds that are important in human life are:

• Water (H2O) - Water Surely the most important in human life. Does not need any explanation to illustrate the importance of water in our lives. Basically, water is our primary needs are able to make us survive. We are more resistant to not eat compared to not drinking. Besides drinking, we also urgently need water to care for and clean our body.

• Sodium Chloride or Table Salt (NaCl) - Salt is used not only in cooking, but in cleaning as well. Table salt has been used since the days of our ancestors for various purposes, the fact that there are at least 1000 uses salt in our lives .

• Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate or Baking Soda (NaHCO3) - Baking soda not only have benefits in the kitchen, but also used in health and beauty. This chemical compound is also known to be used as a cleaning and whitening agents, but it is also known as a good deodorizing (deodorizer) as well.

• Sucrose or sugar kitchen (C12H22O11) - sucrose is used mainly in cooking and as a sweetener. Sucrose is a simple sugar that is needed by the body. Moreover, as an Indonesian native, certainly every day consume this sugar. At least in a cup of tea or coffee in the morning.

• Sodium hypochlorite or bleach (NaClO) - Bleach is used as a stain remover, disinfectant and deodorizing (deodorant). This chemical compound is also used to purify water and reduce damage to the skin.

• Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) - This is used as a disinfectant agent and is the only one that is made up of oxygen and water. This chemical compound is an alternative to bleach and strong disinfectants. Hydrogen peroxide is also used in personal hygiene products such as mouthwash and toothpaste, and is used to lighten hair. Also used to clean the meat and other food products.

• Acetone ((CH3) 2CO) - acetone has some health benefits and cosmetics, the most popular as nail polish remover (nail polish remover). These chemicals are also a popular solvent and is used for domestic and other laboratory processes.

• Methane (CH4) - Methane is a natural gas that is used to refine crude oil. This chemical compound is also used as a reactant to produce other substances such as chloromethanes and ammonia.

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers and the content in the production of dry ice. It is also used in the production of carbonated beverages.

• Citric acid (C6H8O7) - An organic compound, usually found in citrus fruits. It is used for cooking and medicine.

• Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) - Sodium nitrate is used in the food industry and agriculture. It is also a main ingredient in fertilizer.

• Ammonia (NH3) - Ammonia reacts with acids to produce salt. It is used in many cleaning products.